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Disaccarides and sugar alcohol play an important part in the production of oxalates. The inclusion of 30 or 60% (w/w) sucrose in the diet of rats resulted in a more than tenfold increase in the deposition of calcium oxalate in the kidneys. The administration of xylitol and sorbitol resulted in very high renal deposition of calcium oxalate (Sucrose,xylitol and sorbitol are not allowed on SCD).
How about the monosaccarides that are allowed on SCD such as fructose and glucose? Unfortunately,the liquid and granule forms of fructose and glucose are not pure. Granulated fructose (or even liquid) that is sold as "fructose" has a mixture of other trisaccharides in it and is extracted from corn. Granulated glucose is also known to contains other sugars in addition to glucose but perhaps less then fructose. Fructose has more impurites in it since it is made from corn. Fructose also was associated with high depositions of deposition of calcium oxalate. However,glucose was associated with by far the least amounts of renal deposition of calcium oxalate desite having impurities. Thus we see that the SCD legal monosaccarides have a different effect on oxalic levels.
The important difference between monosaccarides and other carbs is that the monosaccarides are easy to digest because they do not need to be split into smaller molecules. All the other carbs are hard to digest and therefore do not get easily assimilated into the body but remain in the colon for a few hours. The undigested sugar(disaccarides,sugar alcohol...etc..) feed the pathogens in the colon. The easy availability of undigested carbohydrates produces a sharp increase of harmful microorganisms who then displace the beneficial microorganisms in the GI tract.
[Some research studies show that fructose is better than glucose for lowering oxalates; this is due to the fact that there are impurities in both glucose and fructose;the levels of impurities depend on the manufacturers.]
There are links below for more information about the impurities in glucose and fructose.
http://www.breakingtheviciouscycle.info/legal/legal_illegal_d-n.htm
http://www.breakingtheviciouscycle.info/knowledge_base/kb/fructose.htm
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve
&db=pubmed&dopt=Abstract&list_uids=3744193&query_hl=15
Food Chem Toxicol. 1986 May;24(5):397-403.
The effect of dietary refined sugars and sugar alcohols on renal calcium oxalate deposition in ethylene glycol-treated rats.
Rofe AM, Bais R, Conyers RA.
The effect of administering refined carbohydrates in the diet on calcium oxalate deposition in the kidneys of rats given 1% (v/v) ethylene glycol in their drinking-water was investigated. The rats were given 0, 2.5, 10, 30 or 60% sucrose in the feed (w/w) and/or drinking-water (w/v) or 20% (w/w) starch, glucose, sucrose, fructose, galactose, xylitol or sorbitol in the feed for 3 wk. All of the animals remained healthy over the test period as far as could be assessed by the measurement of 19 plasma biochemical parameters. The inclusion of 30 or 60% (w/w) sucrose in the diet resulted in a more than tenfold increase in the deposition of calcium oxalate in the kidneys. However, this deposition could not be predicted from data on urinary pH and urinary excretion of calcium, oxalate and urate, which have been reported to be risk factors for stone formation. There was no evidence of increased rates of oxalate production from ethylene glycol. The administration of fructose, xylitol or sorbitol was associated with the greatest renal deposition of calcium oxalate, and glucose was associated with by far the least.
PMID: 3744193 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Why would disacccarides increase the amount of oxalates? Are there certain parasites inside the body that consume disacccarides and produce oxalate? These microorganisms do not need to live inside the gut to get their food supply if there is a leaky gut. There is evidence that disaccarides feed the oxalic producing fungi. The research article below discusses how disaccarides helps these fungi to produce more oxalates
To show how fungi thrive on disaccarides,we will use the Aspergillus species as an example since they are one of the many fungi that produce oxalates. A researcher who was trying to find a method to produce high amounts of oxalic acid for biohydrometallurgical processes made experiments to find the best carbon sources for oxalic acid production by Aspergillus niger. In both sucrose and lactose mediums, A. niger produced high amounts of oxalic acid. (Both sucrose and lactose are disaccarides and not allowed on SCD)
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1: FEMS Microbiol Lett. 1994 Jun 15;119(3):365-70. Related Articles, Links High-yield production of oxalic acid for metal leaching processes by Aspergillus niger.
Strasser H, Burgstaller W, Schinner F.
Institute of Microbiology, University of Innsbruck, Austria.
The complex-forming compound oxalic acid can effectively solubilise metals such as aluminium, iron, lithium and manganese. In order to produce high amounts of oxalic acid for biohydrometallurgical processes, it was the aim of this work to optimise oxalic acid production by Aspergillus niger, a fungus well known for its ability to produce oxalic acid. A. niger excreted 427 mmol oxalic acid l-1 if it was cultivated in a pH-controlled (pH 6.0) fed-batch run in a 2-l stirred tank reactor. Sucrose and lactose permeate were suitable carbon sources for oxalic acid production. In sucrose medium, A. niger produced high amounts of gluconic and oxalic acids, whereas in lactose permeate medium only oxalic acid was produced. Cultivation in green syrup and molasses media lead to high yields of biomass, but low oxalic acid production (< 20 mmol l-1).
PMID: 8050718 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
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Click on the links below to understand how this disturbance of the microflora affects oxalate levels:
http://www.gutresearch.com/9micro.html